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# Copyright (c) 2014, Legrandin <helderijs@gmail.com>
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"""
Offset Codebook (OCB) mode.
OCB is Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD) cipher mode
designed by Prof. Phillip Rogaway and specified in `RFC7253`_.
The algorithm provides both authenticity and privacy, it is very efficient,
it uses only one key and it can be used in online mode (so that encryption
or decryption can start before the end of the message is available).
This module implements the third and last variant of OCB (OCB3) and it only
works in combination with a 128-bit block symmetric cipher, like AES.
OCB is patented in US but `free licenses`_ exist for software implementations
meant for non-military purposes.
Example:
>>> from Crypto.Cipher import AES
>>> from Crypto.Random import get_random_bytes
>>>
>>> key = get_random_bytes(32)
>>> cipher = AES.new(key, AES.MODE_OCB)
>>> plaintext = b"Attack at dawn"
>>> ciphertext, mac = cipher.encrypt_and_digest(plaintext)
>>> # Deliver cipher.nonce, ciphertext and mac
...
>>> cipher = AES.new(key, AES.MODE_OCB, nonce=nonce)
>>> try:
>>> plaintext = cipher.decrypt_and_verify(ciphertext, mac)
>>> except ValueError:
>>> print "Invalid message"
>>> else:
>>> print plaintext
:undocumented: __package__
.. _RFC7253: http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7253
.. _free licenses: http://web.cs.ucdavis.edu/~rogaway/ocb/license.htm
"""
import struct
from binascii import unhexlify
from Crypto.Util.py3compat import bord, _copy_bytes, bchr
from Crypto.Util.number import long_to_bytes, bytes_to_long
from Crypto.Util.strxor import strxor
from Crypto.Hash import BLAKE2s
from Crypto.Random import get_random_bytes
from Crypto.Util._raw_api import (load_pycryptodome_raw_lib, VoidPointer,
create_string_buffer, get_raw_buffer,
SmartPointer, c_size_t, c_uint8_ptr,
is_buffer)
_raw_ocb_lib = load_pycryptodome_raw_lib("Crypto.Cipher._raw_ocb", """
int OCB_start_operation(void *cipher,
const uint8_t *offset_0,
size_t offset_0_len,
void **pState);
int OCB_encrypt(void *state,
const uint8_t *in,
uint8_t *out,
size_t data_len);
int OCB_decrypt(void *state,
const uint8_t *in,
uint8_t *out,
size_t data_len);
int OCB_update(void *state,
const uint8_t *in,
size_t data_len);
int OCB_digest(void *state,
uint8_t *tag,
size_t tag_len);
int OCB_stop_operation(void *state);
""")
class OcbMode(object):
"""Offset Codebook (OCB) mode.
:undocumented: __init__
"""
def __init__(self, factory, nonce, mac_len, cipher_params):
if factory.block_size != 16:
raise ValueError("OCB mode is only available for ciphers"
" that operate on 128 bits blocks")
self.block_size = 16
"""The block size of the underlying cipher, in bytes."""
self.nonce = _copy_bytes(None, None, nonce)
"""Nonce used for this session."""
if len(nonce) not in range(1, 16):
raise ValueError("Nonce must be at most 15 bytes long")
if not is_buffer(nonce):
raise TypeError("Nonce must be bytes, bytearray or memoryview")
self._mac_len = mac_len
if not 8 <= mac_len <= 16:
raise ValueError("MAC tag must be between 8 and 16 bytes long")
# Cache for MAC tag
self._mac_tag = None
# Cache for unaligned associated data
self._cache_A = b""
# Cache for unaligned ciphertext/plaintext
self._cache_P = b""
# Allowed transitions after initialization
self._next = ["update", "encrypt", "decrypt",
"digest", "verify"]
# Compute Offset_0
params_without_key = dict(cipher_params)
key = params_without_key.pop("key")
taglen_mod128 = (self._mac_len * 8) % 128
if len(self.nonce) < 15:
nonce = bchr(taglen_mod128 << 1) +\
b'\x00' * (14 - len(nonce)) +\
b'\x01' +\
self.nonce
else:
nonce = bchr((taglen_mod128 << 1) | 0x01) +\
self.nonce
bottom_bits = bord(nonce[15]) & 0x3F # 6 bits, 0..63
top_bits = bord(nonce[15]) & 0xC0 # 2 bits
ktop_cipher = factory.new(key,
factory.MODE_ECB,
**params_without_key)
ktop = ktop_cipher.encrypt(struct.pack('15sB',
nonce[:15],
top_bits))
stretch = ktop + strxor(ktop[:8], ktop[1:9]) # 192 bits
offset_0 = long_to_bytes(bytes_to_long(stretch) >>
(64 - bottom_bits), 24)[8:]
# Create low-level cipher instance
raw_cipher = factory._create_base_cipher(cipher_params)
if cipher_params:
raise TypeError("Unknown keywords: " + str(cipher_params))
self._state = VoidPointer()
result = _raw_ocb_lib.OCB_start_operation(raw_cipher.get(),
offset_0,
c_size_t(len(offset_0)),
self._state.address_of())
if result:
raise ValueError("Error %d while instantiating the OCB mode"
% result)
# Ensure that object disposal of this Python object will (eventually)
# free the memory allocated by the raw library for the cipher mode
self._state = SmartPointer(self._state.get(),
_raw_ocb_lib.OCB_stop_operation)
# Memory allocated for the underlying block cipher is now owed
# by the cipher mode
raw_cipher.release()
def _update(self, assoc_data, assoc_data_len):
result = _raw_ocb_lib.OCB_update(self._state.get(),
c_uint8_ptr(assoc_data),
c_size_t(assoc_data_len))
if result:
raise ValueError("Error %d while computing MAC in OCB mode" % result)
def update(self, assoc_data):
"""Process the associated data.
If there is any associated data, the caller has to invoke
this method one or more times, before using
``decrypt`` or ``encrypt``.
By *associated data* it is meant any data (e.g. packet headers) that
will not be encrypted and will be transmitted in the clear.
However, the receiver shall still able to detect modifications.
If there is no associated data, this method must not be called.
The caller may split associated data in segments of any size, and
invoke this method multiple times, each time with the next segment.
:Parameters:
assoc_data : bytes/bytearray/memoryview
A piece of associated data.
"""
if "update" not in self._next:
raise TypeError("update() can only be called"
" immediately after initialization")
self._next = ["encrypt", "decrypt", "digest",
"verify", "update"]
if len(self._cache_A) > 0:
filler = min(16 - len(self._cache_A), len(assoc_data))
self._cache_A += _copy_bytes(None, filler, assoc_data)
assoc_data = assoc_data[filler:]
if len(self._cache_A) < 16:
return self
# Clear the cache, and proceeding with any other aligned data
self._cache_A, seg = b"", self._cache_A
self.update(seg)
update_len = len(assoc_data) // 16 * 16
self._cache_A = _copy_bytes(update_len, None, assoc_data)
self._update(assoc_data, update_len)
return self
def _transcrypt_aligned(self, in_data, in_data_len,
trans_func, trans_desc):
out_data = create_string_buffer(in_data_len)
result = trans_func(self._state.get(),
in_data,
out_data,
c_size_t(in_data_len))
if result:
raise ValueError("Error %d while %sing in OCB mode"
% (result, trans_desc))
return get_raw_buffer(out_data)
def _transcrypt(self, in_data, trans_func, trans_desc):
# Last piece to encrypt/decrypt
if in_data is None:
out_data = self._transcrypt_aligned(self._cache_P,
len(self._cache_P),
trans_func,
trans_desc)
self._cache_P = b""
return out_data
# Try to fill up the cache, if it already contains something
prefix = b""
if len(self._cache_P) > 0:
filler = min(16 - len(self._cache_P), len(in_data))
self._cache_P += _copy_bytes(None, filler, in_data)
in_data = in_data[filler:]
if len(self._cache_P) < 16:
# We could not manage to fill the cache, so there is certainly
# no output yet.
return b""
# Clear the cache, and proceeding with any other aligned data
prefix = self._transcrypt_aligned(self._cache_P,
len(self._cache_P),
trans_func,
trans_desc)
self._cache_P = b""
# Process data in multiples of the block size
trans_len = len(in_data) // 16 * 16
result = self._transcrypt_aligned(c_uint8_ptr(in_data),
trans_len,
trans_func,
trans_desc)
if prefix:
result = prefix + result
# Left-over
self._cache_P = _copy_bytes(trans_len, None, in_data)
return result
def encrypt(self, plaintext=None):
"""Encrypt the next piece of plaintext.
After the entire plaintext has been passed (but before `digest`),
you **must** call this method one last time with no arguments to collect
the final piece of ciphertext.
If possible, use the method `encrypt_and_digest` instead.
:Parameters:
plaintext : bytes/bytearray/memoryview
The next piece of data to encrypt or ``None`` to signify
that encryption has finished and that any remaining ciphertext
has to be produced.
:Return:
the ciphertext, as a byte string.
Its length may not match the length of the *plaintext*.
"""
if "encrypt" not in self._next:
raise TypeError("encrypt() can only be called after"
" initialization or an update()")
if plaintext is None:
self._next = ["digest"]
else:
self._next = ["encrypt"]
return self._transcrypt(plaintext, _raw_ocb_lib.OCB_encrypt, "encrypt")
def decrypt(self, ciphertext=None):
"""Decrypt the next piece of ciphertext.
After the entire ciphertext has been passed (but before `verify`),
you **must** call this method one last time with no arguments to collect
the remaining piece of plaintext.
If possible, use the method `decrypt_and_verify` instead.
:Parameters:
ciphertext : bytes/bytearray/memoryview
The next piece of data to decrypt or ``None`` to signify
that decryption has finished and that any remaining plaintext
has to be produced.
:Return:
the plaintext, as a byte string.
Its length may not match the length of the *ciphertext*.
"""
if "decrypt" not in self._next:
raise TypeError("decrypt() can only be called after"
" initialization or an update()")
if ciphertext is None:
self._next = ["verify"]
else:
self._next = ["decrypt"]
return self._transcrypt(ciphertext,
_raw_ocb_lib.OCB_decrypt,
"decrypt")
def _compute_mac_tag(self):
if self._mac_tag is not None:
return
if self._cache_A:
self._update(self._cache_A, len(self._cache_A))
self._cache_A = b""
mac_tag = create_string_buffer(16)
result = _raw_ocb_lib.OCB_digest(self._state.get(),
mac_tag,
c_size_t(len(mac_tag))
)
if result:
raise ValueError("Error %d while computing digest in OCB mode"
% result)
self._mac_tag = get_raw_buffer(mac_tag)[:self._mac_len]
def digest(self):
"""Compute the *binary* MAC tag.
Call this method after the final `encrypt` (the one with no arguments)
to obtain the MAC tag.
The MAC tag is needed by the receiver to determine authenticity
of the message.
:Return: the MAC, as a byte string.
"""
if "digest" not in self._next:
raise TypeError("digest() cannot be called now for this cipher")
assert(len(self._cache_P) == 0)
self._next = ["digest"]
if self._mac_tag is None:
self._compute_mac_tag()
return self._mac_tag
def hexdigest(self):
"""Compute the *printable* MAC tag.
This method is like `digest`.
:Return: the MAC, as a hexadecimal string.
"""
return "".join(["%02x" % bord(x) for x in self.digest()])
def verify(self, received_mac_tag):
"""Validate the *binary* MAC tag.
Call this method after the final `decrypt` (the one with no arguments)
to check if the message is authentic and valid.
:Parameters:
received_mac_tag : bytes/bytearray/memoryview
This is the *binary* MAC, as received from the sender.
:Raises ValueError:
if the MAC does not match. The message has been tampered with
or the key is incorrect.
"""
if "verify" not in self._next:
raise TypeError("verify() cannot be called now for this cipher")
assert(len(self._cache_P) == 0)
self._next = ["verify"]
if self._mac_tag is None:
self._compute_mac_tag()
secret = get_random_bytes(16)
mac1 = BLAKE2s.new(digest_bits=160, key=secret, data=self._mac_tag)
mac2 = BLAKE2s.new(digest_bits=160, key=secret, data=received_mac_tag)
if mac1.digest() != mac2.digest():
raise ValueError("MAC check failed")
def hexverify(self, hex_mac_tag):
"""Validate the *printable* MAC tag.
This method is like `verify`.
:Parameters:
hex_mac_tag : string
This is the *printable* MAC, as received from the sender.
:Raises ValueError:
if the MAC does not match. The message has been tampered with
or the key is incorrect.
"""
self.verify(unhexlify(hex_mac_tag))
def encrypt_and_digest(self, plaintext):
"""Encrypt the message and create the MAC tag in one step.
:Parameters:
plaintext : bytes/bytearray/memoryview
The entire message to encrypt.
:Return:
a tuple with two byte strings:
- the encrypted data
- the MAC
"""
return self.encrypt(plaintext) + self.encrypt(), self.digest()
def decrypt_and_verify(self, ciphertext, received_mac_tag):
"""Decrypted the message and verify its authenticity in one step.
:Parameters:
ciphertext : bytes/bytearray/memoryview
The entire message to decrypt.
received_mac_tag : byte string
This is the *binary* MAC, as received from the sender.
:Return: the decrypted data (byte string).
:Raises ValueError:
if the MAC does not match. The message has been tampered with
or the key is incorrect.
"""
plaintext = self.decrypt(ciphertext) + self.decrypt()
self.verify(received_mac_tag)
return plaintext
def _create_ocb_cipher(factory, **kwargs):
"""Create a new block cipher, configured in OCB mode.
:Parameters:
factory : module
A symmetric cipher module from `Crypto.Cipher`
(like `Crypto.Cipher.AES`).
:Keywords:
nonce : bytes/bytearray/memoryview
A value that must never be reused for any other encryption.
Its length can vary from 1 to 15 bytes.
If not specified, a random 15 bytes long nonce is generated.
mac_len : integer
Length of the MAC, in bytes.
It must be in the range ``[8..16]``.
The default is 16 (128 bits).
Any other keyword will be passed to the underlying block cipher.
See the relevant documentation for details (at least ``key`` will need
to be present).
"""
try:
nonce = kwargs.pop("nonce", None)
if nonce is None:
nonce = get_random_bytes(15)
mac_len = kwargs.pop("mac_len", 16)
except KeyError as e:
raise TypeError("Keyword missing: " + str(e))
return OcbMode(factory, nonce, mac_len, kwargs)
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