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<h1>Mako 1.1.0 Documentation</h1>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Usage</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-usage">Basic Usage</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-file-based-templates">Using File-Based Templates</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-templatelookup">Using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateLookup</span></code></a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-the-collection-size">Setting the Collection Size</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-filesystem-checks">Setting Filesystem Checks</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-unicode-and-encoding">Using Unicode and Encoding</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#handling-exceptions">Handling Exceptions</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#common-framework-integrations">Common Framework Integrations</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#wsgi">WSGI</a></li>
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<div class="section" id="usage">
<span id="usage-toplevel"></span><h1>Usage<a class="headerlink" href="#usage" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="section" id="basic-usage">
<h2>Basic Usage<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-usage" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>This section describes the Python API for Mako templates. If you
are using Mako within a web framework such as Pylons, the work
of integrating Mako’s API is already done for you, in which case
you can skip to the next section, <a class="reference internal" href="syntax.html"><span class="std std-ref">Syntax</span></a>.</p>
<p>The most basic way to create a template and render it is through
the <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> class:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mako.template</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Template</span>
<span class="n">mytemplate</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"hello world!"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mytemplate</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">())</span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Above, the text argument to <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> is <strong>compiled</strong> into a
Python module representation. This module contains a function
called <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">render_body()</span></code>, which produces the output of the
template. When <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mytemplate.render()</span></code> is called, Mako sets up a
runtime environment for the template and calls the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">render_body()</span></code> function, capturing the output into a buffer and
returning its string contents.</p>
<p>The code inside the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">render_body()</span></code> function has access to a
namespace of variables. You can specify these variables by
sending them as additional keyword arguments to the <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.render" title="mako.template.Template.render"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">render()</span></code></a>
method:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mako.template</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Template</span>
<span class="n">mytemplate</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"hello, ${name}!"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mytemplate</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"jack"</span><span class="p">))</span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.render" title="mako.template.Template.render"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">render()</span></code></a> method calls upon Mako to create a
<a class="reference internal" href="runtime.html#mako.runtime.Context" title="mako.runtime.Context"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Context</span></code></a> object, which stores all the variable names accessible
to the template and also stores a buffer used to capture output.
You can create this <a class="reference internal" href="runtime.html#mako.runtime.Context" title="mako.runtime.Context"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Context</span></code></a> yourself and have the template
render with it, using the <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.render_context" title="mako.template.Template.render_context"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">render_context()</span></code></a> method:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mako.template</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Template</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mako.runtime</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Context</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">StringIO</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">StringIO</span>
<span class="n">mytemplate</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"hello, ${name}!"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">buf</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">StringIO</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">ctx</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Context</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">buf</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"jack"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">mytemplate</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render_context</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ctx</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">buf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getvalue</span><span class="p">())</span></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="using-file-based-templates">
<h2>Using File-Based Templates<a class="headerlink" href="#using-file-based-templates" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>A <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> can also load its template source code from a file,
using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filename</span></code> keyword argument:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mako.template</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Template</span>
<span class="n">mytemplate</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'/docs/mytmpl.txt'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mytemplate</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">())</span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>For improved performance, a <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> which is loaded from a
file can also cache the source code to its generated module on
the filesystem as a regular Python module file (i.e. a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.py</span></code>
file). To do this, just add the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">module_directory</span></code> argument to
the template:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mako.template</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Template</span>
<span class="n">mytemplate</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'/docs/mytmpl.txt'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">module_directory</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'/tmp/mako_modules'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mytemplate</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">())</span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>When the above code is rendered, a file
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/tmp/mako_modules/docs/mytmpl.txt.py</span></code> is created containing the
source code for the module. The next time a <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> with the
same arguments is created, this module file will be
automatically re-used.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="using-templatelookup">
<span id="usage-templatelookup"></span><h2>Using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateLookup</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#using-templatelookup" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>All of the examples thus far have dealt with the usage of a
single <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> object. If the code within those templates
tries to locate another template resource, it will need some way
to find them, using simple URI strings. For this need, the
resolution of other templates from within a template is
accomplished by the <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup" title="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateLookup</span></code></a> class. This class is
constructed given a list of directories in which to search for
templates, as well as keyword arguments that will be passed to
the <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> objects it creates:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mako.template</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Template</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mako.lookup</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">TemplateLookup</span>
<span class="n">mylookup</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TemplateLookup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">directories</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'/docs'</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="n">mytemplate</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"""<</span><span class="si">%i</span><span class="s2">nclude file="header.txt"/> hello world!"""</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">lookup</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">mylookup</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Above, we created a textual template which includes the file
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"header.txt"</span></code>. In order for it to have somewhere to look for
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"header.txt"</span></code>, we passed a <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup" title="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateLookup</span></code></a> object to it, which
will search in the directory <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/docs</span></code> for the file <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"header.txt"</span></code>.</p>
<p>Usually, an application will store most or all of its templates
as text files on the filesystem. So far, all of our examples
have been a little bit contrived in order to illustrate the
basic concepts. But a real application would get most or all of
its templates directly from the <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup" title="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateLookup</span></code></a>, using the
aptly named <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.get_template" title="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.get_template"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_template()</span></code></a> method, which accepts the URI of the
desired template:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mako.template</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Template</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mako.lookup</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">TemplateLookup</span>
<span class="n">mylookup</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TemplateLookup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">directories</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'/docs'</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">module_directory</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'/tmp/mako_modules'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">serve_template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">templatename</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">mytemplate</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mylookup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">templatename</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mytemplate</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">))</span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>In the example above, we create a <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup" title="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateLookup</span></code></a> which will
look for templates in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/docs</span></code> directory, and will store
generated module files in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/tmp/mako_modules</span></code> directory. The
lookup locates templates by appending the given URI to each of
its search directories; so if you gave it a URI of
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/beans/info.txt</span></code>, it would search for the file
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/docs/etc/beans/info.txt</span></code>, else raise a <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TopLevelNotFound</span></code>
exception, which is a custom Mako exception.</p>
<p>When the lookup locates templates, it will also assign a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uri</span></code>
property to the <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> which is the URI passed to the
<a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.get_template" title="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.get_template"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_template()</span></code></a> call. <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> uses this URI to calculate the
name of its module file. So in the above example, a
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">templatename</span></code> argument of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/beans/info.txt</span></code> will create a
module file <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/tmp/mako_modules/etc/beans/info.txt.py</span></code>.</p>
<div class="section" id="setting-the-collection-size">
<h3>Setting the Collection Size<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-the-collection-size" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup" title="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateLookup</span></code></a> also serves the important need of caching a
fixed set of templates in memory at a given time, so that
successive URI lookups do not result in full template
compilations and/or module reloads on each request. By default,
the <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup" title="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateLookup</span></code></a> size is unbounded. You can specify a fixed
size using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collection_size</span></code> argument:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">mylookup</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TemplateLookup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">directories</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'/docs'</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="n">module_directory</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'/tmp/mako_modules'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">collection_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">500</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>The above lookup will continue to load templates into memory
until it reaches a count of around 500. At that point, it will
clean out a certain percentage of templates using a least
recently used scheme.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="setting-filesystem-checks">
<h3>Setting Filesystem Checks<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-filesystem-checks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Another important flag on <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup" title="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateLookup</span></code></a> is
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filesystem_checks</span></code>. This defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, and says that each
time a template is returned by the <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.get_template" title="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.get_template"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_template()</span></code></a> method, the
revision time of the original template file is checked against
the last time the template was loaded, and if the file is newer
will reload its contents and recompile the template. On a
production system, setting <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filesystem_checks</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> can
afford a small to moderate performance increase (depending on
the type of filesystem used).</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="using-unicode-and-encoding">
<span id="usage-unicode"></span><h2>Using Unicode and Encoding<a class="headerlink" href="#using-unicode-and-encoding" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Both <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup" title="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateLookup</span></code></a> accept <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">output_encoding</span></code>
and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">encoding_errors</span></code> parameters which can be used to encode the
output in any Python supported codec:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mako.template</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Template</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mako.lookup</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">TemplateLookup</span>
<span class="n">mylookup</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TemplateLookup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">directories</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'/docs'</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">output_encoding</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'utf-8'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">encoding_errors</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'replace'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">mytemplate</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mylookup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"foo.txt"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mytemplate</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">())</span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>When using Python 3, the <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.render" title="mako.template.Template.render"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">render()</span></code></a> method will return a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code>
object, <strong>if</strong> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">output_encoding</span></code> is set. Otherwise it returns a
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">string</span></code>.</p>
<p>Additionally, the <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.render_unicode" title="mako.template.Template.render_unicode"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">render_unicode()</span></code></a> method exists which will
return the template output as a Python <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unicode</span></code> object, or in
Python 3 a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">string</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mytemplate</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render_unicode</span><span class="p">())</span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>The above method disregards the output encoding keyword
argument; you can encode yourself by saying:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mytemplate</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render_unicode</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'utf-8'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'replace'</span><span class="p">))</span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Note that Mako’s ability to return data in any encoding and/or
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unicode</span></code> implies that the underlying output stream of the
template is a Python unicode object. This behavior is described
fully in <a class="reference internal" href="unicode.html"><span class="std std-ref">The Unicode Chapter</span></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="handling-exceptions">
<span id="id1"></span><h2>Handling Exceptions<a class="headerlink" href="#handling-exceptions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Template exceptions can occur in two distinct places. One is
when you <strong>lookup, parse and compile</strong> the template, the other
is when you <strong>run</strong> the template. Within the running of a
template, exceptions are thrown normally from whatever Python
code originated the issue. Mako has its own set of exception
classes which mostly apply to the lookup and lexer/compiler
stages of template construction. Mako provides some library
routines that can be used to help provide Mako-specific
information about any exception’s stack trace, as well as
formatting the exception within textual or HTML format. In all
cases, the main value of these handlers is that of converting
Python filenames, line numbers, and code samples into Mako
template filenames, line numbers, and code samples. All lines
within a stack trace which correspond to a Mako template module
will be converted to be against the originating template file.</p>
<p>To format exception traces, the <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.exceptions.text_error_template" title="mako.exceptions.text_error_template"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text_error_template()</span></code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#mako.exceptions.html_error_template" title="mako.exceptions.html_error_template"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">html_error_template()</span></code></a> functions are provided. They make usage of
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.exc_info()</span></code> to get at the most recently thrown exception.
Usage of these handlers usually looks like:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mako</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">exceptions</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">template</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">lookup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">uri</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">template</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="k">except</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">exceptions</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text_error_template</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">())</span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Or for the HTML render function:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mako</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">exceptions</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">template</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">lookup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">uri</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">template</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="k">except</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">exceptions</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">html_error_template</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">())</span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.exceptions.html_error_template" title="mako.exceptions.html_error_template"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">html_error_template()</span></code></a> template accepts two options:
specifying <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">full=False</span></code> causes only a section of an HTML
document to be rendered. Specifying <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">css=False</span></code> will disable the
default stylesheet from being rendered.</p>
<p>E.g.:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">exceptions</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">html_error_template</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">full</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">))</span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>The HTML render function is also available built-in to
<a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">format_exceptions</span></code> flag. In this case, any
exceptions raised within the <strong>render</strong> stage of the template
will result in the output being substituted with the output of
<a class="reference internal" href="#mako.exceptions.html_error_template" title="mako.exceptions.html_error_template"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">html_error_template()</span></code></a>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">template</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"/foo/bar"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">format_exceptions</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">template</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">())</span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Note that the compile stage of the above template occurs when
you construct the <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> itself, and no output stream is
defined. Therefore exceptions which occur within the
lookup/parse/compile stage will not be handled and will
propagate normally. While the pre-render traceback usually will
not include any Mako-specific lines anyway, it will mean that
exceptions which occur previous to rendering and those which
occur within rendering will be handled differently… so the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">try</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">except</span></code> patterns described previously are probably of more
general use.</p>
<p>The underlying object used by the error template functions is
the <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.exceptions.RichTraceback" title="mako.exceptions.RichTraceback"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RichTraceback</span></code></a> object. This object can also be used
directly to provide custom error views. Here’s an example usage
which describes its general API:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mako.exceptions</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">RichTraceback</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">template</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">lookup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">uri</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">template</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="k">except</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">traceback</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">RichTraceback</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">lineno</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">function</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">traceback</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">traceback</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"File </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2">, line </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2">, in </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2">"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">lineno</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">function</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2">: </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2">"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">traceback</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">error</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vm">__class__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vm">__name__</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">traceback</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">error</span><span class="p">))</span></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="common-framework-integrations">
<h2>Common Framework Integrations<a class="headerlink" href="#common-framework-integrations" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The Mako distribution includes a little bit of helper code for
the purpose of using Mako in some popular web framework
scenarios. This is a brief description of what’s included.</p>
<div class="section" id="wsgi">
<h3>WSGI<a class="headerlink" href="#wsgi" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>A sample WSGI application is included in the distribution in the
file <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">examples/wsgi/run_wsgi.py</span></code>. This runner is set up to pull
files from a <cite>templates</cite> as well as an <cite>htdocs</cite> directory and
includes a rudimental two-file layout. The WSGI runner acts as a
fully functional standalone web server, using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiutils</span></code> to run
itself, and propagates GET and POST arguments from the request
into the <a class="reference internal" href="runtime.html#mako.runtime.Context" title="mako.runtime.Context"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Context</span></code></a>, can serve images, CSS files and other kinds
of files, and also displays errors using Mako’s included
exception-handling utilities.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="pygments">
<h3>Pygments<a class="headerlink" href="#pygments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>A <a class="reference external" href="http://pygments.pocoo.org">Pygments</a>-compatible syntax
highlighting module is included under <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mako.ext.pygmentplugin</span></code>.
This module is used in the generation of Mako documentation and
also contains various <cite>setuptools</cite> entry points under the heading
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pygments.lexers</span></code>, including <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mako</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">html+mako</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml+mako</span></code>
(see the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> file for all the entry points).</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="babel">
<h3>Babel<a class="headerlink" href="#babel" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Mako provides support for extracting <cite>gettext</cite> messages from
templates via a <a class="reference external" href="http://babel.edgewall.org/">Babel</a> extractor
entry point under <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mako.ext.babelplugin</span></code>.</p>
<p><cite>Gettext</cite> messages are extracted from all Python code sections,
including those of control lines and expressions embedded
in tags.</p>
<p><a class="reference external" href="http://babel.edgewall.org/wiki/Documentation/messages.html#comments-tags-and-translator-comments-explanation">Translator
comments</a>
may also be extracted from Mako templates when a comment tag is
specified to <a class="reference external" href="http://babel.edgewall.org/">Babel</a> (such as with
the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-c</span></code> option).</p>
<p>For example, a project <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"myproj"</span></code> contains the following Mako
template at <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">myproj/myproj/templates/name.html</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="x"><div id="name"></span>
<span class="x"> Name:</span>
<span class="x"> ## TRANSLATORS: This is a proper name. See the gettext</span>
<span class="x"> ## manual, section Names.</span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Francois Pinard'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"></div></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>To extract gettext messages from this template the project needs
a Mako section in its <a class="reference external" href="http://babel.edgewall.org/wiki/Documentation/messages.html#extraction-method-mapping-and-configuration">Babel Extraction Method Mapping
file</a>
(typically located at <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">myproj/babel.cfg</span></code>):</p>
<div class="highlight-cfg notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Extraction from Python source files</span>
<span class="k">[python: myproj/**.py]</span>
<span class="c1"># Extraction from Mako templates</span>
<span class="k">[mako: myproj/templates/**.html]</span>
<span class="na">input_encoding</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">utf-8</span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>The Mako extractor supports an optional <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">input_encoding</span></code>
parameter specifying the encoding of the templates (identical to
<a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a>/<a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup" title="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateLookup</span></code></a>’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">input_encoding</span></code> parameter).</p>
<p>Invoking <a class="reference external" href="http://babel.edgewall.org/">Babel</a>’s extractor at the
command line in the project’s root directory:</p>
<div class="highlight-sh notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>myproj$ pybabel extract -F babel.cfg -c <span class="s2">"TRANSLATORS:"</span> .</pre></div>
</div>
<p>will output a <cite>gettext</cite> catalog to <cite>stdout</cite> including the following:</p>
<div class="highlight-pot notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">#. TRANSLATORS: This is a proper name. See the gettext</span>
<span class="c1">#. manual, section Names.</span>
<span class="kd">#: myproj/templates/name.html:5</span>
<span class="nv">msgid</span> <span class="s">"Francois Pinard"</span>
<span class="nv">msgstr</span> <span class="s">""</span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>This is only a basic example:
<a class="reference external" href="http://babel.edgewall.org/">Babel</a> can be invoked from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code>
and its command line options specified in the accompanying
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup.cfg</span></code> via <a class="reference external" href="http://babel.edgewall.org/wiki/Documentation/setup.html">Babel Distutils/Setuptools
Integration</a>.</p>
<p>Comments must immediately precede a <cite>gettext</cite> message to be
extracted. In the following case the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TRANSLATORS:</span></code> comment would
not have been extracted:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="x"><div id="name"></span>
<span class="x"> ## TRANSLATORS: This is a proper name. See the gettext</span>
<span class="x"> ## manual, section Names.</span>
<span class="x"> Name: </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Francois Pinard'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"></div></span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>See the <a class="reference external" href="http://babel.edgewall.org/wiki/Documentation/index.html">Babel User
Guide</a>
for more information.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="api-reference">
<h2>API Reference<a class="headerlink" href="#api-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="mako.template.Template">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">mako.template.</code><code class="sig-name descname">Template</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">text=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">filename=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">uri=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">format_exceptions=False</em>, <em class="sig-param">error_handler=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">lookup=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">output_encoding=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">encoding_errors='strict'</em>, <em class="sig-param">module_directory=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">cache_args=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">cache_impl='beaker'</em>, <em class="sig-param">cache_enabled=True</em>, <em class="sig-param">cache_type=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">cache_dir=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">cache_url=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">module_filename=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">input_encoding=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">disable_unicode=False</em>, <em class="sig-param">module_writer=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">bytestring_passthrough=False</em>, <em class="sig-param">default_filters=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">buffer_filters=()</em>, <em class="sig-param">strict_undefined=False</em>, <em class="sig-param">imports=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">future_imports=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">enable_loop=True</em>, <em class="sig-param">preprocessor=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">lexer_cls=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">include_error_handler=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.template.Template" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Bases: <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">object</span></code></p>
<p>Represents a compiled template.</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> includes a reference to the original
template source (via the <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.exceptions.RichTraceback.source" title="mako.exceptions.RichTraceback.source"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">source</span></code></a> attribute)
as well as the source code of the
generated Python module (i.e. the <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">code</span></code> attribute),
as well as a reference to an actual Python module.</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> is constructed using either a literal string
representing the template text, or a filename representing a filesystem
path to a source file.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.text"></span><strong>text</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.text">¶</a> – textual template source. This argument is mutually
exclusive versus the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filename</span></code> parameter.</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.filename"></span><strong>filename</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.filename">¶</a> – filename of the source template. This argument is
mutually exclusive versus the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code> parameter.</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.buffer_filters"></span><strong>buffer_filters</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.buffer_filters">¶</a> – string list of filters to be applied
to the output of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%def</span></code>s which are buffered, cached, or otherwise
filtered, after all filters
defined with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%def</span></code> itself have been applied. Allows the
creation of default expression filters that let the output
of return-valued <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%def</span></code>s “opt out” of that filtering via
passing special attributes or objects.</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.bytestring_passthrough"></span><strong>bytestring_passthrough</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.bytestring_passthrough">¶</a> – <p>When <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">output_encoding</span></code> is
set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, and <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.render" title="mako.template.Template.render"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template.render()</span></code></a> is used to render,
the <cite>StringIO</cite> or <cite>cStringIO</cite> buffer will be used instead of the
default “fast” buffer. This allows raw bytestrings in the
output stream, such as in expressions, to pass straight
through to the buffer. This flag is forced
to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">disable_unicode</span></code> is also configured.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 0.4: </span>Added to provide the same behavior as that of the previous series.</p>
</div>
</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.cache_args"></span><strong>cache_args</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.cache_args">¶</a> – Dictionary of cache configuration arguments that
will be passed to the <a class="reference internal" href="caching.html#mako.cache.CacheImpl" title="mako.cache.CacheImpl"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CacheImpl</span></code></a>. See <a class="reference internal" href="caching.html"><span class="std std-ref">Caching</span></a>.</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.cache_dir"></span><strong>cache_dir</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.cache_dir">¶</a> – <div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified deprecated">Deprecated since version 0.6: </span>Use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'dir'</span></code> argument in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cache_args</span></code> dictionary.
See <a class="reference internal" href="caching.html"><span class="std std-ref">Caching</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.cache_enabled"></span><strong>cache_enabled</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.cache_enabled">¶</a> – Boolean flag which enables caching of this
template. See <a class="reference internal" href="caching.html"><span class="std std-ref">Caching</span></a>.</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.cache_impl"></span><strong>cache_impl</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.cache_impl">¶</a> – String name of a <a class="reference internal" href="caching.html#mako.cache.CacheImpl" title="mako.cache.CacheImpl"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CacheImpl</span></code></a> caching
implementation to use. Defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'beaker'</span></code>.</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.cache_type"></span><strong>cache_type</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.cache_type">¶</a> – <div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified deprecated">Deprecated since version 0.6: </span>Use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'type'</span></code> argument in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cache_args</span></code> dictionary.
See <a class="reference internal" href="caching.html"><span class="std std-ref">Caching</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.cache_url"></span><strong>cache_url</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.cache_url">¶</a> – <div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified deprecated">Deprecated since version 0.6: </span>Use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'url'</span></code> argument in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cache_args</span></code> dictionary.
See <a class="reference internal" href="caching.html"><span class="std std-ref">Caching</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.default_filters"></span><strong>default_filters</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.default_filters">¶</a> – List of string filter names that will
be applied to all expressions. See <a class="reference internal" href="filtering.html#filtering-default-filters"><span class="std std-ref">The default_filters Argument</span></a>.</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.disable_unicode"></span><strong>disable_unicode</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.disable_unicode">¶</a> – Disables all awareness of Python Unicode
objects. See <a class="reference internal" href="unicode.html#unicode-disabled"><span class="std std-ref">Saying to Heck with It: Disabling the Usage of Unicode Entirely</span></a>.</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.enable_loop"></span><strong>enable_loop</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.enable_loop">¶</a> – When <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, enable the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop</span></code> context variable.
This can be set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> to support templates that may
be making usage of the name “<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop</span></code>”. Individual templates can
re-enable the “loop” context by placing the directive
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">enable_loop="True"</span></code> inside the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%page></span></code> tag – see
<a class="reference internal" href="runtime.html#migrating-loop"><span class="std std-ref">Migrating Legacy Templates that Use the Word “loop”</span></a>.</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.encoding_errors"></span><strong>encoding_errors</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.encoding_errors">¶</a> – Error parameter passed to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">encode()</span></code> when
string encoding is performed. See <a class="reference internal" href="#usage-unicode"><span class="std std-ref">Using Unicode and Encoding</span></a>.</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.error_handler"></span><strong>error_handler</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.error_handler">¶</a> – <p>Python callable which is called whenever
compile or runtime exceptions occur. The callable is passed
the current context as well as the exception. If the
callable returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, the exception is considered to
be handled, else it is re-raised after the function
completes. Is used to provide custom error-rendering
functions.</p>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.include_error_handler" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-paramref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template.include_error_handler</span></code></a> - include-specific
error handler function</p>
</div>
</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.format_exceptions"></span><strong>format_exceptions</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.format_exceptions">¶</a> – if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, exceptions which occur during
the render phase of this template will be caught and
formatted into an HTML error page, which then becomes the
rendered result of the <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.render" title="mako.template.Template.render"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">render()</span></code></a> call. Otherwise,
runtime exceptions are propagated outwards.</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.imports"></span><strong>imports</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.imports">¶</a> – String list of Python statements, typically individual
“import” lines, which will be placed into the module level
preamble of all generated Python modules. See the example
in <a class="reference internal" href="filtering.html#filtering-default-filters"><span class="std std-ref">The default_filters Argument</span></a>.</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.future_imports"></span><strong>future_imports</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.future_imports">¶</a> – String list of names to import from <cite>__future__</cite>.
These will be concatenated into a comma-separated string and inserted
into the beginning of the template, e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">futures_imports=['FOO',</span>
<span class="pre">'BAR']</span></code> results in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">__future__</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">FOO,</span> <span class="pre">BAR</span></code>. If you’re
interested in using features like the new division operator, you must
use future_imports to convey that to the renderer, as otherwise the
import will not appear as the first executed statement in the generated
code and will therefore not have the desired effect.</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.include_error_handler"></span><strong>include_error_handler</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.include_error_handler">¶</a> – <p>An error handler that runs when this template
is included within another one via the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%include></span></code> tag, and raises an
error. Compare to the <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.error_handler" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-paramref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template.error_handler</span></code></a> option.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 1.0.6.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.error_handler" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-paramref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template.error_handler</span></code></a> - top-level error handler function</p>
</div>
</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.input_encoding"></span><strong>input_encoding</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.input_encoding">¶</a> – Encoding of the template’s source code. Can
be used in lieu of the coding comment. See
<a class="reference internal" href="#usage-unicode"><span class="std std-ref">Using Unicode and Encoding</span></a> as well as <a class="reference internal" href="unicode.html"><span class="std std-ref">The Unicode Chapter</span></a> for
details on source encoding.</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.lookup"></span><strong>lookup</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.lookup">¶</a> – a <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup" title="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateLookup</span></code></a> instance that will be used
for all file lookups via the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%namespace></span></code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%include></span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%inherit></span></code> tags. See
<a class="reference internal" href="#usage-templatelookup"><span class="std std-ref">Using TemplateLookup</span></a>.</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.module_directory"></span><strong>module_directory</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.module_directory">¶</a> – Filesystem location where generated
Python module files will be placed.</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.module_filename"></span><strong>module_filename</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.module_filename">¶</a> – Overrides the filename of the generated
Python module file. For advanced usage only.</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.module_writer"></span><strong>module_writer</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.module_writer">¶</a> – <p>A callable which overrides how the Python
module is written entirely. The callable is passed the
encoded source content of the module and the destination
path to be written to. The default behavior of module writing
uses a tempfile in conjunction with a file move in order
to make the operation atomic. So a user-defined module
writing function that mimics the default behavior would be:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">tempfile</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">shutil</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">module_writer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">outputpath</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dest</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> \\
<span class="n">tempfile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mkstemp</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="nb">dir</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dirname</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">outputpath</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dest</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">source</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dest</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">shutil</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">move</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">outputpath</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mako.template</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Template</span>
<span class="n">mytemplate</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Template</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">filename</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"index.html"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">module_directory</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"/path/to/modules"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">module_writer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">module_writer</span>
<span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>The function is provided for unusual configurations where
certain platform-specific permissions or other special
steps are needed.</p>
</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.output_encoding"></span><strong>output_encoding</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.output_encoding">¶</a> – The encoding to use when <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.render" title="mako.template.Template.render"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">render()</span></code></a>
is called.
See <a class="reference internal" href="#usage-unicode"><span class="std std-ref">Using Unicode and Encoding</span></a> as well as <a class="reference internal" href="unicode.html"><span class="std std-ref">The Unicode Chapter</span></a>.</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.preprocessor"></span><strong>preprocessor</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.preprocessor">¶</a> – Python callable which will be passed
the full template source before it is parsed. The return
result of the callable will be used as the template source
code.</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.lexer_cls"></span><strong>lexer_cls</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.lexer_cls">¶</a> – <p>A <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Lexer</span></code> class used to parse
the template. The <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Lexer</span></code> class is used by
default.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 0.7.4.</span></p>
</div>
</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.strict_undefined"></span><strong>strict_undefined</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.strict_undefined">¶</a> – <p>Replaces the automatic usage of
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UNDEFINED</span></code> for any undeclared variables not located in
the <a class="reference internal" href="runtime.html#mako.runtime.Context" title="mako.runtime.Context"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Context</span></code></a> with an immediate raise of
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NameError</span></code>. The advantage is immediate reporting of
missing variables which include the name.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 0.3.6.</span></p>
</div>
</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.template.Template.params.uri"></span><strong>uri</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template.params.uri">¶</a> – string URI or other identifier for this template.
If not provided, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uri</span></code> is generated from the filesystem
path, or from the in-memory identity of a non-file-based
template. The primary usage of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uri</span></code> is to provide a key
within <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup" title="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateLookup</span></code></a>, as well as to generate the
file path of the generated Python module file, if
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">module_directory</span></code> is specified.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="mako.template.Template.code">
<em class="property">property </em><code class="sig-name descname">code</code><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.template.Template.code" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the module source code for this <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="mako.template.Template.get_def">
<code class="sig-name descname">get_def</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.template.Template.get_def" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a def of this template as a <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.DefTemplate" title="mako.template.DefTemplate"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DefTemplate</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="mako.template.Template.list_defs">
<code class="sig-name descname">list_defs</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.template.Template.list_defs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>return a list of defs in the template.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 1.0.4.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="mako.template.Template.render">
<code class="sig-name descname">render</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">*args</em>, <em class="sig-param">**data</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.template.Template.render" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Render the output of this template as a string.</p>
<p>If the template specifies an output encoding, the string
will be encoded accordingly, else the output is raw (raw
output uses <cite>cStringIO</cite> and can’t handle multibyte
characters). A <a class="reference internal" href="runtime.html#mako.runtime.Context" title="mako.runtime.Context"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Context</span></code></a> object is created corresponding
to the given data. Arguments that are explicitly declared
by this template’s internal rendering method are also
pulled from the given <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*args</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**data</span></code> members.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="mako.template.Template.render_context">
<code class="sig-name descname">render_context</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">context</em>, <em class="sig-param">*args</em>, <em class="sig-param">**kwargs</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.template.Template.render_context" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Render this <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> with the given context.</p>
<p>The data is written to the context’s buffer.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="mako.template.Template.render_unicode">
<code class="sig-name descname">render_unicode</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">*args</em>, <em class="sig-param">**data</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.template.Template.render_unicode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Render the output of this template as a unicode object.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="mako.template.Template.source">
<em class="property">property </em><code class="sig-name descname">source</code><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.template.Template.source" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the template source code for this <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="mako.template.DefTemplate">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">mako.template.</code><code class="sig-name descname">DefTemplate</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">parent</em>, <em class="sig-param">callable_</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.template.DefTemplate" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Bases: <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mako.template.Template</span></code></a></p>
<p>Bases: <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mako.template.Template</span></code></a></p>
<p>A <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> which represents a callable def in a parent
template.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="mako.template.DefTemplate.get_def">
<code class="sig-name descname">get_def</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.template.DefTemplate.get_def" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a def of this template as a <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.DefTemplate" title="mako.template.DefTemplate"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DefTemplate</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="mako.lookup.TemplateCollection">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">mako.lookup.</code><code class="sig-name descname">TemplateCollection</code><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateCollection" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Bases: <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">object</span></code></p>
<p>Represent a collection of <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> objects,
identifiable via URI.</p>
<p>A <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateCollection" title="mako.lookup.TemplateCollection"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateCollection</span></code></a> is linked to the usage of
all template tags that address other templates, such
as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%include></span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%namespace></span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><%inherit></span></code>.
The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">file</span></code> attribute of each of those tags refers
to a string URI that is passed to that <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a>
object’s <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateCollection" title="mako.lookup.TemplateCollection"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateCollection</span></code></a> for resolution.</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateCollection" title="mako.lookup.TemplateCollection"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateCollection</span></code></a> is an abstract class,
with the usual default implementation being <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup" title="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateLookup</span></code></a>.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="mako.lookup.TemplateCollection.adjust_uri">
<code class="sig-name descname">adjust_uri</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">uri</em>, <em class="sig-param">filename</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateCollection.adjust_uri" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Adjust the given <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uri</span></code> based on the calling <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filename</span></code>.</p>
<p>When this method is called from the runtime, the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filename</span></code> parameter is taken directly to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filename</span></code>
attribute of the calling template. Therefore a custom
<a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateCollection" title="mako.lookup.TemplateCollection"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateCollection</span></code></a> subclass can place any string
identifier desired in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filename</span></code> parameter of the
<a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> objects it constructs and have them come back
here.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="mako.lookup.TemplateCollection.filename_to_uri">
<code class="sig-name descname">filename_to_uri</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">uri</em>, <em class="sig-param">filename</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateCollection.filename_to_uri" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert the given <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filename</span></code> to a URI relative to
this <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateCollection" title="mako.lookup.TemplateCollection"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateCollection</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="mako.lookup.TemplateCollection.get_template">
<code class="sig-name descname">get_template</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">uri</em>, <em class="sig-param">relativeto=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateCollection.get_template" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> object corresponding to the given
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uri</span></code>.</p>
<p>The default implementation raises
<code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NotImplementedError</span></code>. Implementations should
raise <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateLookupException</span></code> if the given <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uri</span></code>
cannot be resolved.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.lookup.TemplateCollection.get_template.params.uri"></span><strong>uri</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateCollection.get_template.params.uri">¶</a> – String URI of the template to be resolved.</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.lookup.TemplateCollection.get_template.params.relativeto"></span><strong>relativeto</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateCollection.get_template.params.relativeto">¶</a> – if present, the given <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uri</span></code> is assumed to
be relative to this URI.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="mako.lookup.TemplateCollection.has_template">
<code class="sig-name descname">has_template</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">uri</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateCollection.has_template" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if this <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup" title="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateLookup</span></code></a> is
capable of returning a <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> object for the
given <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uri</span></code>.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p><span class="target" id="mako.lookup.TemplateCollection.has_template.params.uri"></span><strong>uri</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateCollection.has_template.params.uri">¶</a> – String URI of the template to be resolved.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">mako.lookup.</code><code class="sig-name descname">TemplateLookup</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">directories=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">module_directory=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">filesystem_checks=True</em>, <em class="sig-param">collection_size=-1</em>, <em class="sig-param">format_exceptions=False</em>, <em class="sig-param">error_handler=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">disable_unicode=False</em>, <em class="sig-param">bytestring_passthrough=False</em>, <em class="sig-param">output_encoding=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">encoding_errors='strict'</em>, <em class="sig-param">cache_args=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">cache_impl='beaker'</em>, <em class="sig-param">cache_enabled=True</em>, <em class="sig-param">cache_type=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">cache_dir=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">cache_url=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">modulename_callable=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">module_writer=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">default_filters=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">buffer_filters=()</em>, <em class="sig-param">strict_undefined=False</em>, <em class="sig-param">imports=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">future_imports=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">enable_loop=True</em>, <em class="sig-param">input_encoding=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">preprocessor=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">lexer_cls=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">include_error_handler=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Bases: <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateCollection" title="mako.lookup.TemplateCollection"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mako.lookup.TemplateCollection</span></code></a></p>
<p>Bases: <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateCollection" title="mako.lookup.TemplateCollection"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mako.lookup.TemplateCollection</span></code></a></p>
<p>Represent a collection of templates that locates template source files
from the local filesystem.</p>
<p>The primary argument is the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">directories</span></code> argument, the list of
directories to search:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">lookup</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TemplateLookup</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s2">"/path/to/templates"</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="n">some_template</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">lookup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"/index.html"</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup" title="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateLookup</span></code></a> can also be given <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> objects
programatically using <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.put_string" title="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.put_string"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">put_string()</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.put_template" title="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.put_template"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">put_template()</span></code></a>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">lookup</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TemplateLookup</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">lookup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">put_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"base.html"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'''</span>
<span class="s1"> <html><body>${self.next()}</body></html></span>
<span class="s1">'''</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">lookup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">put_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"hello.html"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'''</span>
<span class="s1"> <</span><span class="si">%i</span><span class="s1">nclude file='base.html'/></span>
<span class="s1"> Hello, world !</span>
<span class="s1">'''</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
</div>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.params.directories"></span><strong>directories</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.params.directories">¶</a> – A list of directory names which will be
searched for a particular template URI. The URI is appended
to each directory and the filesystem checked.</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.params.collection_size"></span><strong>collection_size</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.params.collection_size">¶</a> – Approximate size of the collection used
to store templates. If left at its default of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code>, the size
is unbounded, and a plain Python dictionary is used to
relate URI strings to <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> instances.
Otherwise, a least-recently-used cache object is used which
will maintain the size of the collection approximately to
the number given.</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.params.filesystem_checks"></span><strong>filesystem_checks</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.params.filesystem_checks">¶</a> – When at its default value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>,
each call to <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.get_template" title="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.get_template"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateLookup.get_template()</span></code></a> will
compare the filesystem last modified time to the time in
which an existing <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> object was created.
This allows the <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup" title="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateLookup</span></code></a> to regenerate a
new <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> whenever the original source has
been updated. Set this to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> for a very minor
performance increase.</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.params.modulename_callable"></span><strong>modulename_callable</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.params.modulename_callable">¶</a> – A callable which, when present,
is passed the path of the source file as well as the
requested URI, and then returns the full path of the
generated Python module file. This is used to inject
alternate schemes for Python module location. If left at
its default of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, the built in system of generation
based on <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">module_directory</span></code> plus <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uri</span></code> is used.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>All other keyword parameters available for
<a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> are mirrored here. When new
<a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> objects are created, the keywords
established with this <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup" title="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateLookup</span></code></a> are passed on
to each new <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a>.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.adjust_uri">
<code class="sig-name descname">adjust_uri</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">uri</em>, <em class="sig-param">relativeto</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.adjust_uri" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Adjust the given <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uri</span></code> based on the given relative URI.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.filename_to_uri">
<code class="sig-name descname">filename_to_uri</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">filename</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.filename_to_uri" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert the given <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filename</span></code> to a URI relative to
this <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateCollection" title="mako.lookup.TemplateCollection"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateCollection</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.get_template">
<code class="sig-name descname">get_template</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">uri</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.get_template" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> object corresponding to the given
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uri</span></code>.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">relativeto</span></code> argument is not supported here at
the moment.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.put_string">
<code class="sig-name descname">put_string</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">uri</em>, <em class="sig-param">text</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.put_string" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Place a new <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> object into this
<a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup" title="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateLookup</span></code></a>, based on the given string of
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.put_template">
<code class="sig-name descname">put_template</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">uri</em>, <em class="sig-param">template</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup.put_template" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Place a new <a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> object into this
<a class="reference internal" href="#mako.lookup.TemplateLookup" title="mako.lookup.TemplateLookup"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateLookup</span></code></a>, based on the given
<a class="reference internal" href="#mako.template.Template" title="mako.template.Template"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Template</span></code></a> object.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="mako.exceptions.RichTraceback">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">mako.exceptions.</code><code class="sig-name descname">RichTraceback</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">error=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">traceback=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.exceptions.RichTraceback" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Bases: <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">object</span></code></p>
<p>Pull the current exception from the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys</span></code> traceback and extracts
Mako-specific template information.</p>
<p>See the usage examples in <a class="reference internal" href="#handling-exceptions"><span class="std std-ref">Handling Exceptions</span></a>.</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="mako.exceptions.RichTraceback.error">
<code class="sig-name descname">error</code><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.exceptions.RichTraceback.error" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>the exception instance.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="mako.exceptions.RichTraceback.message">
<code class="sig-name descname">message</code><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.exceptions.RichTraceback.message" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>the exception error message as unicode.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="mako.exceptions.RichTraceback.source">
<code class="sig-name descname">source</code><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.exceptions.RichTraceback.source" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>source code of the file where the error occurred.
If the error occurred within a compiled template,
this is the template source.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="mako.exceptions.RichTraceback.lineno">
<code class="sig-name descname">lineno</code><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.exceptions.RichTraceback.lineno" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>line number where the error occurred. If the error
occurred within a compiled template, the line number
is adjusted to that of the template source.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="mako.exceptions.RichTraceback.records">
<code class="sig-name descname">records</code><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.exceptions.RichTraceback.records" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>a list of 8-tuples containing the original
python traceback elements, plus the
filename, line number, source line, and full template source
for the traceline mapped back to its originating source
template, if any for that traceline (else the fields are <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="mako.exceptions.RichTraceback.reverse_records">
<code class="sig-name descname">reverse_records</code><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.exceptions.RichTraceback.reverse_records" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>the list of records in reverse
traceback – a list of 4-tuples, in the same format as a regular
python traceback, with template-corresponding
traceback records replacing the originals.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="mako.exceptions.RichTraceback.reverse_traceback">
<code class="sig-name descname">reverse_traceback</code><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.exceptions.RichTraceback.reverse_traceback" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>the traceback list in reverse.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="mako.exceptions.html_error_template">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">mako.exceptions.</code><code class="sig-name descname">html_error_template</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.exceptions.html_error_template" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Provides a template that renders a stack trace in an HTML format,
providing an excerpt of code as well as substituting source template
filenames, line numbers and code for that of the originating source
template, as applicable.</p>
<p>The template’s default <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">encoding_errors</span></code> value is
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'htmlentityreplace'</span></code>. The template has two options. With the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">full</span></code> option disabled, only a section of an HTML document is
returned. With the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">css</span></code> option disabled, the default stylesheet
won’t be included.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="mako.exceptions.text_error_template">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">mako.exceptions.</code><code class="sig-name descname">text_error_template</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">lookup=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mako.exceptions.text_error_template" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Provides a template that renders a stack trace in a similar format to
the Python interpreter, substituting source template filenames, line
numbers and code for that of the originating source template, as
applicable.</p>
</dd></dl>
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